Polymeric nanoparticles - Introduction, types, advantages, disadvantages and method of preparation/synthesis

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Polymeric nanoparticles, what is polymeric nanoparticles, definition of nanoparticles, method of synthesis/preparation of nanoparticles, advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticles.




Introduction/definition

  • They are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm (1μm).
  • Drug may be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix.
  • Because these systems have very high surfac areas, drugs may also be adsorbed on their surface. Polymer-based nanoparticles effectively carry drugs, proteins and DNA to target cells and organs.
  • Their nanometer-size promotes effective permeation through cell membranes and stability in the blood stream.

Types of Polymeric nanoparticles

1. Nanospheres

2. Nanocapsules

Nanocapsules: They are systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane.

Nanospheres: They are the matrix system in which the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed.

Polymer used in preparation:

Natural hydrophilic – Proteins, Polysaccharides

Synthetic hydrophobic – Pre-polymerized, Polymerized in process.


Advantages

  • Increases the stability of any volatile agents & can be easily and cheaply fabricated in large quantities by a multimethods.
  • Has significant advantages over traditional oral and intravenous methods of administration in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.
  • Delivers a higher concentration of pharmaceutical agent.
  • The choice of polymer and the ability to modify drug release from polymeric nanoparticles have made them ideal candidates for cancer therapy, delivery of vaccines, contraceptives and delivery of targeted antibiotics.
  • Department of Pharmaceutical
  • Targeted Drug Delivery System.
  • Polymeric nanoparticles can be easily incorporated into other activities related to drug delivery, such as tissue engineering
  • Other all advantages over single unit dosage forms are as such.

Disadvantages

  • Very costly formulation with no low yield.
  • Industrial productivity is more difficult. As applications, Technology transfer to commercial production is very difficult.
  • Reduced ability to adjust the dose
  • Highly sophisticated technology
  • Requires skills to manufacture.
  • Stability of dosage form is big issue owing to its nano size.


Application

  • Corticoids release
  • Anticancer therapy
  • Crossing BBB
  • Vaccines and gene therapy
  • Diagnostic
  • Ocular Delivery
  • Cancer therapy
  • Intracellular targeting
  • DNA delivery
  • Occular delivery



Method of synthesis

1. Amphiphilic macromolecule cross-linking
    a) Heat cross-linking
    b) Chemical cross-linking

2. Polymerization based methods
    a) Polymerization of monomers
    b) Dispersion polymerization
    c) Interfacial condensation polymerization

3. Polymer precipitation methods
    a) Solvent extraction/evaporation
    b) Solvent displacement(nanoprecipitation)
    c) Salting out








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